Waddell Signs

Non-Dermatomal Findings, Differential Straight-Leg-Raising Tests and Other Waddell Signs

Waddell, et al., suggested that people with signs in three or more categories should be evaluated for possible psychological disorders. Subsequently, WS have been taken out of context and suggested to be evidence of malingering. While some people who are malingering might display signs in three or more WS categories, it is noteworthy that malingering was not the original red flag to consider. M...

The cross-sectional construct validity of the Waddell score.

BACKGROUND In 1980 the Waddell score, consisting of 8 non-organic or behavioural signs, was developed to measure illness behaviour in patients with low back pain. There is some debate about whether the Waddell score is a valid screening instrument for illness behaviour and psychological distress, or whether it merely reflects elevated pain levels and diminished functional physical capacities. ...

Golf Signs GOLF SIGNS

PHYSICAL SIGNS False localising signs

Neurological signs have been described as “false localising” if they reflect dysfunction distant or remote from the expected anatomical locus of pathology, hence challenging the traditional clinicoanatomical correlation paradigm on which neurological examination is based. False localising signs occur in two major contexts: as a consequence of raised intracranial pressure, and with spinal cord l...

The reliability of nonorganic sign-testing and the Waddell score in patients with chronic low back pain.

STUDY DESIGN An observational prospective cohort study. OBJECTIVES To determine the reliability of nonorganic sign-testing in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP), and to identify determinants of diagnostic disagreement. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA For the assessment of behavioral responses to examination, Waddell et al published "the Waddell score" in 1980. The Waddell score consists ...